Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks. They organize, install, and support an organization?s computer systems, including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), network segments, intranets, and other data communication systems. They must determine the system requirements and limitations, and make needed hardware and software upgrades to ensure that systems are operating correctly. They also maintain network security, and optimize system performance.
Cisco certified network associate (CCNA certificate) packet routing and switching concentration is a systems engineering certification program that teaches how to manage servers, and ensure computer network integrity. The CCNA network administration certification is valid for three years, after which time systems administrators need to renew their qualifications to troubleshoot and configure switched and routed networks. This may also include implementation of data-communications software, via remote internet access using either WAN or WiFi networks.
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Network security is a complex and constantly evolving field. Practitioners must stay on top of new threats and solutions and be proactive in assessing risk and protecting their networks. The first step to understanding network security is to become acquainted with the actual threats posed to a network. Without a realistic idea of what threats might affect your systems, you be unable to effectively protect them. It is also critical that you acquire basic understanding of the techniques used by both security professionals and those who would seek to compromise your network’s security.
The Security Architecture and Models domain of the Common Body of Knowledge embodies the study of formal models for design and evaluation of systems needed for the highest levels of information security, including those that protect national secrets and other government property. The trusted computing base, or TCB, is the portion of a computer system that contains all elements of the system responsible for supporting the security policy and supporting the isolation of objects on which the protection is based. Included are mechanisms, properties, and concepts that are required for a formal evaluation prior to being used to protect resources and information.
Several evolving models of evaluation and assurance cover various aspects of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. TCSEC, otherwise known as the Orange Book, is primarily concerned with confidentiality and is based on the Bell-LaPadula model. ITSEC adds concerns about integrity and availability. The Canadian Criteria (CTCPEC) advances the work of TCSEC and ITSEC.
DoS attacks are among the most common attacks on the Internet. They are easy to perform, do not require a great deal of sophistication on the part of the perpetrator, and can have devastating effects on the target system. Only virus attacks are more common. (And, in some cases, the virus can be the source of the DoS attack.)
Clearly, there are a number of ways to attack a target system: by Denial of Service, virus/worm, Trojan horse, buffer overflow attacks, and spyware. Each type of attack comes in many distinct variations. It should be obvious by this point that securing your system is absolutely critical. In the upcoming exercises, you will try out the antivirus programs by Norton and McAffee. There are so many ways for a hacker to attack a system that securing your system can be a rather complex task. Chapter 6 will deal with specific methods whereby you can secure your system.
Both Trojan horses and spyware pose significant dangers to your network. Trojan horses and viruses frequently overlap (i.e., a virus may install a Trojan horse). Spyware can compromise security by revealing details of your system or confidential data on the system. Adware is mostly a nuisance rather than a direct security threat. However as your computer becomes infected with more adware, such programs can eventually drain your system’s resources until your system becomes completely unusable.
The MITM attack is more difficult to interdict, since the machine in use may be trusted or commonly known keys in operating system distributions are not changed. However, strong authentication methods can be successful defeating the MITM attack. Reverse DNS look-up is not totally foolproof in ensuring the validity of source IP addresses, and it may be time-consuming. Reverse path forwarding (“Source Address Validation” in the RFC 1812 terminology) is faster because it involves a check of the local forwarding and/or route tables. It is prone to errors, however, due to asymmetrical paths in internetworks, as well as the vast quantity of public IP addresses that will map to the default route of any route table.
Because network technology is constantly changing, administrators need to keep up with the latest developments. Companies generally require their computer systems administrators to be certified in the products they use. These certification programs may be offered directly from vendors, or from vendor-neutral certification providers.
According to the US Department of Labor, the average salary increase after a CCNA certification is around 20%, and the median annual wage for network and computer systems administrators was $85,810 as of May 2021. Demand for information technology (IT) workers is high and should continue to grow as firms invest in newer, faster technology and mobile networks. Employment growth also is expected as the use of IT in healthcare increases. However, an increase in cloud computing could raise the productivity of network administrators, slowing their employment growth across many industries.
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